Trefoil Factor 2 Human,
Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

Research topic

Energy metabolism and body weight regulation, Immune Response, Infection and Inflammation, Oncology, Sepsis

Introduction to the Molecule

Trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) (PSP – pancreatic spasmolytic polypeptide) is a small secreted protein with a molecular weight of 12 kDa. It belongs to the TFF protein family that is characterized by a clover leaf–like disulphide structure named the TFF domain, which is created by 6 cysteines forming three intramolecular bonds. TFF2 contains two trefoil domains and has a very compact structure which may account for its extremely high resistance against the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal tract. The most abundant expression of TFFs is found in GI tract (especially in stomach, colon and pancreas), where they are co-localised with mucins. TFF2 is usually co-localised with MUC6 and probably mediates mucin cross-linking and stabilization of the mucin layer as do the other members of the TFF family. A study examining people with Crohn´s disease and inflammatory bowel disease showed that TFF2 level in serum is increased during the inflammatory state. Another study found that TFF2 levels are high in septic patients and that the level correlates with prognosis of the septic state. High expression of TFF2 was also found in skeletal muscle, liver, heart, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow. The exact function of TFF2 has not yet been revealed, but there is an evidence that it is connected with modulation of immune response (TFF2 deficient mice revealed significant change in expression of several genes involved in MHC class I antigen presentation), allergy and asthma (upregulation of TFF2 by diverse antigens). High levels of TFF2 in serum were also found in patients with prostate and other types of cancer (breast, colon and ovarian tumors) but its prognostic value has not yet been proved.

Note

This product is for research use only.

References to summary

• Hoffmann W, Krug N, Kouznetsova I, Chwieralski CE, Balder R, Hinz M, Braun A. Induced trefoil factor family 1 expression by trans-differentiating Clara cells in a murine asthma model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Mar;36 (3):286-95
• Kjellev S. The trefoil factor family - small peptides with multiple functionalities. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009 Apr;66 (8):1350-69
• Madsen J, Nielsen O, Tornoe I, Thim L, Holmskov U. Tissue localization of human trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3. J Histochem Cytochem. 2007 May;55 (5):505-13
• Nexo E, Samson MH, Vestergaard EM, Milman N, Poulsen SS. Circulating serum trefoil factors increase dramatically during pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2008;68 (5):369-74
• Oertel M, Graness A, Thim L, Buhling F, Kalbacher H, Hoffmann W. Trefoil factor family-peptides promote migration of human bronchial epithelial cells: synergistic effect with epidermal growth factor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Oct;25 (4):418-24
• Poulsen SS, Vestergaard EM, Brynskov J, Ejskjaer K, Clausen JT, Thim L, Nexo E. Immunoassays of human trefoil factors 1 and 2: measured on serum from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2004 Apr;64 (2):146-56
• Torring N, Vestergaard EM, Borre M, Poulsen SS, Nexo E. Plasma levels of trefoil factors are increased in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 1;12 (3 Pt 1):807-12

Source of Antigen

E. coli

Host

Rabbit

Preparation

The antibody was raised in rabbits by immunization with the recombinant Human Trefoil Factor 2.

Amino Acid Sequence

Species Reactivity

Human
Not yet tested in other species.

Purification Method

Immunoaffinity chromatography on a column with immobilized recombinant Human Trefoil Factor 2.

Antibody Content

0.1 mg (determined by BCA method, BSA was used as a standard)

Formulation

The antibody is lyophilized in 0.05 M phosphate buffer, 0.1 M NaCl, pH 7.2. AZIDE FREE.

Reconstitution

Add 0.1 ml of deionized water and let the lyophilized pellet dissolve completely. Slight turbidity may occur after reconstitution, which does not affect activity of the antibody. In this case clarify the solution by centrifugation.

Storage/Stability

The lyophilized antibody remains stable and fully active until the expiry date when stored at –20°C.Aliquot the product after reconstitution to avoid repeated freezing/thawing cycles and store frozen at –80°C. Reconstituted antibody can be stored at 4°C for a limited period of time; it does not show decline in activity after one week at 4°C.

Quality Control Test

Indirect ELISA – to determine titer of the antibody
SDS PAGE – to determine purity of the antibody

Applications

ELISA, Western blotting

References

• Hoffmann W, Krug N, Kouznetsova I, Chwieralski CE, Balder R, Hinz M, Braun A. Induced trefoil factor family 1 expression by trans-differentiating Clara cells in a murine asthma model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Mar;36 (3):286-95
• Kjellev S. The trefoil factor family - small peptides with multiple functionalities. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009 Apr;66 (8):1350-69
• Madsen J, Nielsen O, Tornoe I, Thim L, Holmskov U. Tissue localization of human trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3. J Histochem Cytochem. 2007 May;55 (5):505-13
• Nexo E, Samson MH, Vestergaard EM, Milman N, Poulsen SS. Circulating serum trefoil factors increase dramatically during pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2008;68 (5):369-74
• Oertel M, Graness A, Thim L, Buhling F, Kalbacher H, Hoffmann W. Trefoil factor family-peptides promote migration of human bronchial epithelial cells: synergistic effect with epidermal growth factor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Oct;25 (4):418-24
• Poulsen SS, Vestergaard EM, Brynskov J, Ejskjaer K, Clausen JT, Thim L, Nexo E. Immunoassays of human trefoil factors 1 and 2: measured on serum from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2004 Apr;64 (2):146-56
• Torring N, Vestergaard EM, Borre M, Poulsen SS, Nexo E. Plasma levels of trefoil factors are increased in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 1;12 (3 Pt 1):807-12

By research topic:

• Energy metabolism and body weight regulation
• Immune Response, Infection and Inflammation
• Oncology
• Sepsis

By molecule:

• Trefoil Factor 2