Visfatin Human,
Sheep Polyclonal Antibody

Research topic

Animal studies, Energy metabolism and body weight regulation

Introduction to the Molecule

Excess adiposity is the most important risk in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Adipose tissue produces several proteins (adipocytokines) such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6, that modulate insulin sensitivity and appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms by which fat tissue induces insulin resistance and the role of adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of T2DM have not been well established.

Visfatin, also known as pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF), is a cytokine that is highly expressed in visceral fat and was originally isolated as a secreted factor that synergizes with IL-7 and stem cell factors to promote the growth of B cell precursors. Visfatin homologs have been identified in carp, invertebrate mollusks , and bacteria, as well as in vertebrates, including humans and the mouse. It has been postulated to play a role in innate immunity.

Visfatin exerts insulin-mimetic effects that are dose-dependent and quantitatively similar to those of insulin in stimulating muscle and adipocyte glucose transport, and in inhibiting hepatocyte glucose production. Intravenous injection of recombinant visfatin in mice decreased plasma glucose in a dose-dependent fashion. In keeping with its insulin-mimetic effects, visfatin was as effective as insulin in reducing hyperglycemia in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. Visfatin was also found to be bound to and activate insulin receptor, causing receptor phosphorylation and the activation of downstream signaling molecules. However, visfatin and insulin did not compete for binding to the insulin receptor, indicating that the two proteins were recognized by different regions of the receptor. Thus, visfatin might play a role in glucose homeostasis and dysregulation in biosynthesis or signal transduction, and might contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes.

Note

This product is for research use only.

References to summary

• Arner P. Visfatin--a true or false trail to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• Beltowski J. Apelin and visfatin: Unique "beneficial" adipokines upregulated in obesity?.
• Berndt J, Kloting N, Kralisch S, Kovacs P, Fasshauer M, Schon MR, Stumvoll M, Bluher M. Plasma visfatin concentrations and fat depot-specific mRNA expression in humans.
• Bottcher Y, Teupser D, Enigk B, Berndt J, Kloting N, Schon MR, Thiery J, Bluher M, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P. Genetic Variation in the Visfatin Gene (PBEF1) and its Relation to Glucose Metabolism and Fat Depot Specific mRNA Expression in Humans.
• Chen MP, Chung FM, Chang DM, Tsai JC, Huang HF, Shin SJ, Lee YJ. Elevated plasma level of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• Curat CA, Wegner V, Sengenes C, Miranville A, Tonus C, Busse R, Bouloumie A. Macrophages in human visceral adipose tissue: increased accumulation in obesity and a source of resistin and visfatin.
• Fukuhara A, Matsuda M, Nishizawa M, Segawa K, Tanaka M, Kishimoto K, Matsuki Y, Murakami M, Ichisaka T, Murakami H, Watanabe E, Takagi T, Akiyoshi M, Ohtsubo T, Kihara S, Yamashita S, Makishima M, Funahashi T, Yamanaka S, Hiramatsu R, Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I. Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin.
• Haider DG, Mittermayer F, Schaller G, Artwohl M, Baumgartner-Parzer SM, Prager G, Roden M, Wolzt M. Free fatty acids normalize a rosiglitazone-induced visfatin release.
• Haider DG, Schaller G, Kapiotis S, Maier C, Luger A, Wolzt M. The release of the adipocytokine visfatin is regulated by glucose and insulin.
• Haider DG, Schindler K, Schaller G, Prager G, Wolzt M, Ludvik B. Increased plasma visfatin concentrations in morbidly obese subjects are reduced after gastric banding.
• Pagano C, Pilon C, Olivieri M, Mason P, Fabris R, Serra R, Milan G, Rossato M, Federspil G, Vettor R. Reduced plasma visfatin/pre B-cell colony enhancing factor in obesity is not related to insulin resistance in humans.

Source of Antigen

E.coli

Host

Sheep

Preparation

The antibody was raised in sheep by immunization with the recombinant Human Visfatin.

Amino Acid Sequence

Species Reactivity

Human
Not yet tested in other species.

Purification Method

Immunoaffinity chromatography on a column with immobilized recombinant Human Visfatin.

Antibody Content

0.1 mg (determined by BCA method, BSA was used as a standard)

Formulation

The antibody is lyophilized in 0.05 M phosphate buffer, 0.1 M NaCl, pH 7.2. AZIDE FREE.

Reconstitution

Add 0.1 ml of deionized water and let the lyophilized pellet dissolve completely. Slight turbidity may occur after reconstitution, which does not affect activity of the antibody. In this case clarify the solution by centrifugation.

Storage/Stability

The lyophilized antibody remains stable and fully active until the expiry date when stored at –20°C. Aliquot the product after reconstitution to avoid repeated freezing/thawing cycles and store frozen at –80°C. Reconstituted antibody can be stored at 4°C for a limited period of time; it does not show decline in activity after one week at 4°C.

Quality Control Test

Indirect ELISA – to determine titer of the antibody
SDS PAGE – to determine purity of the antibody

Applications

Western blotting

References

• Arner P. Visfatin--a true or false trail to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• Beltowski J. Apelin and visfatin: Unique "beneficial" adipokines upregulated in obesity?.
• Berndt J, Kloting N, Kralisch S, Kovacs P, Fasshauer M, Schon MR, Stumvoll M, Bluher M. Plasma visfatin concentrations and fat depot-specific mRNA expression in humans.
• Bottcher Y, Teupser D, Enigk B, Berndt J, Kloting N, Schon MR, Thiery J, Bluher M, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P. Genetic Variation in the Visfatin Gene (PBEF1) and its Relation to Glucose Metabolism and Fat Depot Specific mRNA Expression in Humans.
• Chen MP, Chung FM, Chang DM, Tsai JC, Huang HF, Shin SJ, Lee YJ. Elevated plasma level of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• Curat CA, Wegner V, Sengenes C, Miranville A, Tonus C, Busse R, Bouloumie A. Macrophages in human visceral adipose tissue: increased accumulation in obesity and a source of resistin and visfatin.
• Fukuhara A, Matsuda M, Nishizawa M, Segawa K, Tanaka M, Kishimoto K, Matsuki Y, Murakami M, Ichisaka T, Murakami H, Watanabe E, Takagi T, Akiyoshi M, Ohtsubo T, Kihara S, Yamashita S, Makishima M, Funahashi T, Yamanaka S, Hiramatsu R, Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I. Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin.
• Haider DG, Mittermayer F, Schaller G, Artwohl M, Baumgartner-Parzer SM, Prager G, Roden M, Wolzt M. Free fatty acids normalize a rosiglitazone-induced visfatin release.
• Haider DG, Schaller G, Kapiotis S, Maier C, Luger A, Wolzt M. The release of the adipocytokine visfatin is regulated by glucose and insulin.
• Haider DG, Schindler K, Schaller G, Prager G, Wolzt M, Ludvik B. Increased plasma visfatin concentrations in morbidly obese subjects are reduced after gastric banding.
• Pagano C, Pilon C, Olivieri M, Mason P, Fabris R, Serra R, Milan G, Rossato M, Federspil G, Vettor R. Reduced plasma visfatin/pre B-cell colony enhancing factor in obesity is not related to insulin resistance in humans.

By research topic:

• Animal studies
• Energy metabolism and body weight regulation

By molecule:

• Visfatin