Trefoil Factor 1 Human E. coli

Introduction to the Molecule

Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1, pS2) is a small secreted protein with molecular weight of 6.5 kDa (monomers, 14 kDa – dimers). It belongs to the TFF protein family that is characterized by a clover leaf–like disulphide structure named the TFF domain, which is created by 6 cysteines forming three intramolecular bonds. TFF1 contains one trefoil domain, but has a seventh cysteine in position 57 that is essential for formation of dimers. TFF1 exist as both monomers and dimers (homo- and heterodimers – with gastrokine 2). The most abundant expression of TFF1 is found in the GI tract (especially in stomach, colon and pancreas) where it is co-localised with mucins, usually with MUC5AC. It is probable that TFF1 is closely connected with healing and stabilisation of the mucin layer. TFF1 was found in significant amounts in ulcer associated cell lineage UACL, where EGF (epidermal growth factor) is also present. The hypothesis that TFF1 expression is influenced by EGF has been proposed, and this has been supported by a study on EGF KO mice which had lower levels of TFF1. A study examining people with Crohn´s disease and inflammatory bowel disease showed that TFF1 level in serum is increased during the inflammatory state. TFF1 is also highly expressed in the trachea and its level increases after administration of allergen, indicating thatTFF1 could be associated with asthma. Another study found that TFF1 levels are high in septic patients and that the level correlates with prognosis of the septic state. High levels of TFF1 in serum were also found in patients with prostate and other types of cancer (breast, colon and ovarian tumors) but its prognostic value has not yet been proved. The exact function of TFF1 is not yet fully understood.

Research topic

Energy metabolism and body weight regulation, Immune Response, Infection and Inflammation, Oncology, Sepsis

Description

Total 70 AA. MW: 7.9 kDa (calculated). N-Terminal His-tag, 10 extra AA (highlighted).

Amino Acid Sequence

Source

E. coli

Purity

>95%

SDS-PAGE gel

12% SDS-PAGE separation of Human TFF1 1. M.W. marker – 14, 21, 31, 45, 66, 97 kDa 2. reduced and heated sample, 5μg / lane 3. non-reduced and non-heated sample, 5μg / lane

Formulation

Filtered (0,4 μm) and lyophilized in 0.5 mg/mL in 20mM TRIS, 20mM NaCl, pH 7.5

Reconstitution

Add deionized water to prepare a working stock solution of approximately 0.5 mg/mL and let the lyophilized pellet dissolve completely. Product is not sterile! Please filter the product by an appropriate sterile filter before using it in the cell culture.

Storage, Stability/Shelf Life

Store lyophilized protein at –20°C. Lyophilized protein remains stable until the expiry date when stored at –20°C. Aliquot reconstituted protein to avoid repeated freezing/thawing cycles and store at –80°C for long term storage. Reconstituted protein can be stored at 4°C for a limited period of time; it does not show any change after one week at 4°C.

Quality Control Test

BCA to determine quantity of the protein.

SDS PAGE to determine purity of the protein.

Applications

ELISA, Western blotting

Note

This product is intended for research use only.

References

• Braun A, Hinz M, Balder R, Chwieralski CE, Kouznetsova I, Krug N, Hoffmann W. Induced trefoil factor family 1 expression by trans-differentiating Clara cells in a murine asthma model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Mar;36 (3):286-95
• Hoffmann W, Kalbacher H, Buhling F, Thim L, Graness A, Oertel M. Trefoil factor family-peptides promote migration of human bronchial epithelial cells: synergistic effect with epidermal growth factor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Oct;25 (4):418-24
• Holmskov U, Thim L, Tornoe I, Nielsen O, Madsen J. Tissue localization of human trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3. J Histochem Cytochem. 2007 May;55 (5):505-13
• Kjellev S. The trefoil factor family - small peptides with multiple functionalities. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009 Apr;66 (8):1350-69
• Nexo E, Poulsen SS, Borre M, Vestergaard EM, Torring N. Plasma levels of trefoil factors are increased in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 1;12 (3 Pt 1):807-12
• Nexo E, Thim L, Clausen JT, Ejskjaer K, Brynskov J, Vestergaard EM, Poulsen SS. Immunoassays of human trefoil factors 1 and 2: measured on serum from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2004 Apr;64 (2):146-56
• Poulsen SS, Milman N, Vestergaard EM, Samson MH, Nexo E. Circulating serum trefoil factors increase dramatically during pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2008;68 (5):369-74

By research topic:

• Energy metabolism and body weight regulation
• Immune Response, Infection and Inflammation
• Oncology
• Sepsis

By molecule:

• Trefoil Factor 1