Trefoil Factor 2 Human E. coli

Introduction to the Molecule

Trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) (PSP – pancreatic spasmolytic polypeptide) is a small secreted protein with a molecular weight of 12 kDa. It belongs to the TFF protein family that is characterized by a clover leaf–like disulphide structure named the TFF domain, which is created by 6 cysteines forming three intramolecular bonds. TFF2 contains two trefoil domains and has a very compact structure which may account for its extremely high resistance against the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal tract. The most abundant expression of TFFs is found in GI tract (especially in stomach, colon and pancreas), where they are co-localised with mucins. TFF2 is usually co-localised with MUC6 and probably mediates mucin cross-linking and stabilization of the mucin layer as do the other members of the TFF family. A study examining people with Crohn´s disease and inflammatory bowel disease showed that TFF2 level in serum is increased during the inflammatory state. Another study found that TFF2 levels are high in septic patients and that the level correlates with prognosis of the septic state. High expression of TFF2 was also found in skeletal muscle, liver, heart, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow. The exact function of TFF2 has not yet been revealed, but there is an evidence that it is connected with modulation of immune response (TFF2 deficient mice revealed significant change in expression of several genes involved in MHC class I antigen presentation), allergy and asthma (upregulation of TFF2 by diverse antigens). High levels of TFF2 in serum were also found in patients with prostate and other types of cancer (breast, colon and ovarian tumors) but its prognostic value has not yet been proved.

Research topic

Energy metabolism and body weight regulation, Immune Response, Infection and Inflammation, Oncology, Sepsis

Description

Total 116 AA. MW: 13,2 kDa (calculated). N-Terminal His-tag, 10 extra AA (highlighted).

Amino Acid Sequence

Source

E. coli

Purity

>95%

SDS-PAGE gel

12% SDS-PAGE separation of Human TFF2 1. M.W. marker – 14, 21, 31, 45, 66, 97 kDa 2. reduced and heated sample, 5μg / lane 3. non-reduced and non-heated sample, 5μg / lane

Endotoxin

< 1.0 EU/ug

Formulation

Filtered (0,4 μm) and lyophilized in 0.5 mg/mL in 20mM TRIS, 20mM NaCl, pH 7.5

Reconstitution

Add deionized water to prepare a working stock solution of approximately 0.5 mg/mL and let the lyophilized pellet dissolve completely. Product is not sterile! Please filter the product by an appropriate sterile filter before using it in the cell culture.

Storage, Stability/Shelf Life

Store lyophilized protein at –20°C. Lyophilized protein remains stable until the expiry date when stored at –20°C. Aliquot reconstituted protein to avoid repeated freezing/thawing cycles and store at –80°C for long term storage. Reconstituted protein can be stored at 4°C for a limited period of time; it does not show any change after one week at 4°C.

Quality Control Test

BCA to determine quantity of the protein.

SDS PAGE to determine purity of the protein.

LAL to determine quantity of endotoxin.

Applications

ELISA, Western blotting

Note

This product is intended for research use only.

References

• Braun A, Hinz M, Balder R, Chwieralski CE, Kouznetsova I, Krug N, Hoffmann W. Induced trefoil factor family 1 expression by trans-differentiating Clara cells in a murine asthma model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Mar;36 (3):286-95
• Hoffmann W, Kalbacher H, Buhling F, Thim L, Graness A, Oertel M. Trefoil factor family-peptides promote migration of human bronchial epithelial cells: synergistic effect with epidermal growth factor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Oct;25 (4):418-24
• Holmskov U, Thim L, Tornoe I, Nielsen O, Madsen J. Tissue localization of human trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3. J Histochem Cytochem. 2007 May;55 (5):505-13
• Kjellev S. The trefoil factor family - small peptides with multiple functionalities. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009 Apr;66 (8):1350-69
• Nexo E, Poulsen SS, Borre M, Vestergaard EM, Torring N. Plasma levels of trefoil factors are increased in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 1;12 (3 Pt 1):807-12
• Nexo E, Thim L, Clausen JT, Ejskjaer K, Brynskov J, Vestergaard EM, Poulsen SS. Immunoassays of human trefoil factors 1 and 2: measured on serum from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2004 Apr;64 (2):146-56
• Poulsen SS, Milman N, Vestergaard EM, Samson MH, Nexo E. Circulating serum trefoil factors increase dramatically during pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2008;68 (5):369-74

By research topic:

• Energy metabolism and body weight regulation
• Immune Response, Infection and Inflammation
• Oncology
• Sepsis

By molecule:

• Trefoil Factor 2