• Back to Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains Kappa and Lambda (FLC)

• Abe M, Goto T, Kosaka M, Wolfenbarger D, Weiss DT, Solomon A. Differences in kappa to lambda (kappa:lambda) ratios of serum and urinary free light chains. Clin Exp Immunol. 1998 Feb;111 (2):457-62
• Bradwell AR, Carr-Smith HD, Mead GP, Tang LX, Showell PJ, Drayson MT, Drew R. Highly sensitive, automated immunoassay for immunoglobulin free light chains in serum and urine. Clin Chem. 2001 Apr;47 (4):673-80
• Drayson M, Tang LX, Drew R, Mead GP, Carr-Smith H, Bradwell AR. Serum free light-chain measurements for identifying and monitoring patients with nonsecretory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2001 May 1;97 (9):2900-2
• Graziani M, Merlini G, Petrini C. Guidelines for the analysis of Bence Jones protein. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003 Mar;41 (3):338-46
• Jaskowski TD, Litwin CM, Hill HR. Detection of kappa and lambda light chain monoclonal proteins in human serum: automated immunoassay versus immunofixation electrophoresis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006 Feb;13 (2):277-80
• Katzmann JA, Clark RJ, Abraham RS, Bryant S, Lymp JF, Bradwell AR, Kyle RA. Serum reference intervals and diagnostic ranges for free kappa and free lambda immunoglobulin light chains: relative sensitivity for detection of monoclonal light chains. Clin Chem. 2002 Sep;48 (9):1437-44
• Levinson SS, Keren DF. Free light chains of immunoglobulins: clinical laboratory analysis. Clin Chem. 1994 Oct;40 (10):1869-78
• Nakano T, Nagata A. ELISAs for free light chains of human immunoglobulins using monoclonal antibodies: comparison of their specificity with available polyclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods. 2003 Apr 1;275 (1-2):9-17
• Nakano T, Nagata A, Takahashi H. Ratio of urinary free immunoglobulin light chain kappa to lambda in the diagnosis of Bence Jones proteinuria. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2004 Apr;42 (4):429-34
• Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Melton LJ 3rd, Bradwell AR, Clark RJ, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Dispenzieri A, Katzmann JA. Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood. 2005 Aug 1;106 (3):812-7
• Robinson EL, Gowland E, Ward ID, Scarffe JH. Radioimmunoassay of free light chains of immunoglobulins in urine. Clin Chem. 1982 Nov;28 (11):2254-8
• Vegh Z, Otto S, Eckhardt S. Monoclonal free light chains in urine and their significance in clinical diagnostics: are they really tumor markers?. J Clin Lab Anal. 1990;4 (6):443-8