MxA Protein Human ELISA

Features

• It is intended for research use only.
• The total assay time is less than 3 hours.
• The kit measures MxA protein in whole blood (cell lysate).
• Assay format is 96 wells.
• Standard is native MxA protein based.
• Components of the kit are provided ready to use, concentrated or lyophilized

Research topic

Immune Response, Infection and Inflammation, Sepsis, COVID-19

Summary

Human MxA Protein (Myxovirus resistance protein 1), the product of the MX1 gene, is a 76-kDa protein consisting of 662 amino acid residues and belonging to the dynamic superfamily of large GTPase. MxA Protein plays an important role in antiviral activity in cells against a wide variety of viruses, including influenza, parainfluenza, measles, coxsackie, hepatitis B virus, and Thogoto virus. The viruses are inhibited by MxA protein at an early stage in their life cycle, soon after host cell entry and before genome amplification. The mouse MxA (MX1 GTPase) accumulates in the cell nucleus where it associates with nuclear bodies and inhibits influenza and Thogoto viruses known to replicate in the nucleus. The human MxA protein accumulates in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum as well. The membrane compartment of endoplasmatic reticulum seems to provide an interaction platform that facilitates viral target recognition. MxA appears to detect viral infection by sensing and trapping nucleocapsid-like structures. As a consequence, the viral components become unavailable for the generation of new virus particles. The expression of viral MxA Protein is induced exclusively and in a dose-dependent manner by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, but not by IFN-gamma, IL-1, TNF-alpha or other cytokines. In clinical diagnostics, MxA protein may offer advantages as a marker for viral infection over the other induced proteins such as 2‘, 5‘-oligoadenylate synthetase, because of its very low basal concentration and long half-life. Several clinical studies have reported on the possible use of MxA protein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a marker distinguishing viral from bacterial disease, and reliable marker for type I IFN bioavaibility during IFN treatment of chronic viral hepatitis and multiple sclerosis.