Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a heterogeneous multivariate pregnancy disease with complicated pathological mechanisms. In addition to inflammatory reaction, insulin resistance (IR) and abnormality of lipid and glucose metabolism, GDM also involves DNA methylation and oxidative stress signal transduction that affect cardiac function.
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Obesity and overweight are a rapidly growing public health problem affecting an increasing number of countries worldwide because of its prevalence, costs, and health effects.
Obesity and being overweight, abnormal accumulation of body fat (usually 20% above the normal ideal body weight), are chronic disorders officially classified as a diseases (ICD-10 E66.0) in 1990 and defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or more.
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